『壹』 空氣壓縮機論文
一、概述
可編程控制器（PLC）是一種新型的通用控制裝置，他將傳統的繼電器控制技術、計算機控制技術和通信技術融為一體，專為工業控制而設計，具有功能強、通用靈活、可靠性強、環境適應性好、編成簡單、使用方便、體積小、重量輕、功耗低等一系列優點。近年來，隨著可編程式控制制器的日漸成熟，越來越多設備的控制都採用PLC控制器來代替傳統的繼電器控制，並取得了很好的經濟效益。
空氣壓縮機使礦山生產重要的四大固定設備之一，它生產壓縮空氣，用以帶動鑿岩機、風動裝岩機等設備及其他風動工具。其能否安全運行直接影響著煤礦生產的產量和效益問題。影響其安全生產的要素主要有空壓機的超溫、超壓、斷水、斷油等因素。
隨著煤礦現代化的發展，礦山對礦山設備的要求越來越高,建設本質安全性礦山已成為煤礦生產建設的核心。礦山設備不斷更新，不斷進步，可靠性、易操作性、可監視性、易維護性等已是最基本的要求了。用繼電器搭成的控制電路具有可靠性差、不易維護、不易監視，已不能適應當前的要求。現在迫切需要可靠性高、易維護、易操作、可監視並且價格不高這樣的控制器來代替繼電器搭成的電路。隨著電子技術、軟體技術、控制技術飛速發展，可編程式控制制器（PLC）發展迅猛，性能很高，價格較為合理，與繼電器搭的控制電路比具有非常大的優勢。許多礦山設備已選用了PLC來代替比較重要的設備控制。傳統的保護主要採用分離儀表，其可靠性差、集程度低、費用高，不能有效的滿足礦山設備投入的經濟性和安全性的要求。
本文筆者採用可編程式控制制器（PLC）作為核心控制器，通過檢測儀器為PLC提供控制中所需要的信號參數對空壓機進行自動巡迴檢測控制。進行監控的主要參數有空壓機高低壓缸溫度、潤滑油溫度、電動機溫度、風包溫度、出水溫度；高低壓缸壓力、風包壓力、潤滑油壓力；高/低壓、中/後冷卻水斷水檢測等參數。
二、控制功能和控制原理
1. 保護控制功能
⑴、 電機電流和電壓的檢測。
⑵、 一二級缸、油壓、風包壓力檢測。
⑶、 一二級排氣溫度、油溫、電機溫度檢測。
⑷、 電動機的延時啟動。
⑸、 電機的無水運轉。
2. 保護控制原理
在啟動主機之前先將水源電磁閥和放空電磁閥都打開，在冷卻水壓和流量達到規定值條件下，可以進行空壓機的空載起動，然後延時自動關閉放空電磁閥，空壓機進行正常運行。啟動時允許低油壓啟動，設置一定時間後對油壓進行監控。在停機時，按復位按鈕放空電磁閥打開，經30秒延時後切斷主電源。實現空壓機的停機，同時關閉水源電磁閥和放空電磁閥。在保戶狀態時，以上監控參數有一個在設定范圍內發生故障，產生報警信號，同時打開放空電磁閥，壓縮機減載運行，延時30秒故障不消除自動機停機。
⑴. 控制分布圖
1-1壓縮機控制分布圖
⑵. 控制通訊原理
現場匯流排PROFIBUS可以實現數字和模擬輸入/輸出、智能信號裝置和過程調節裝置與可編程式控制制器PLC和PC之間的數據傳輸，把I/O通道分散到實際需要的現場設備附近。PROFIBUS一方面覆蓋了感測器/執行器領域的通信要求，另一方面又具有單元級領域的所有通信網路通信功能。他支持高速的循環數據通信，以滿足了實時監控的要求。
1-2系統控制通訊圖
三、信號採集S7-200為每個本機數字量輸入提供脈沖捕捉功能。脈沖捕捉功能允許PLC捕捉到持續時間很短的脈沖。而在掃描周期的開始，這些脈沖不是總能被CPU讀到。當一個輸入設置了脈沖捕捉功能時，輸入端的狀態變化被鎖存並一直保持到下一個掃描循環刷新。這就確保了一個持續時間很短的脈沖被捕捉到並保持到S7-200讀取輸入點。
本設計需對下列參數進行採集：
(1)、壓力信號分別為1級缸、2級缸及儲風缸壓力、潤滑油壓力4點；
(2)、溫度信號為1級缸排氣溫度、2級缸進氣溫度、風包溫度、油溫、電機溫度以及冷卻水出口溫度共6點；
(3)、電量信號為主電機電流1點，電源電壓1點，共2個點。
(4)、流量檢測有高低/壓端2點，中/後冷2點共4點。
採集參數總計為4+6+2+4=16個。
對上述參數採集後，首先判斷有關參數是否異常，然後形成動態數據表格進行實時巡迴顯示，並存儲起來而供以後進行隨機查詢。
四、系統軟體設計
本系統主要是以保護為主，根據《煤礦安全規程》的要求和空壓機的保護原理，其控制的軟體設計流如下。
五、結束語
該系統主要是以S7-200 為核心控制器，PROFIBUS作為通訊橋梁，通過檢測元件為控制其提供檢測信號，以此達到保護控制的目的。在本文的編寫過程中，得到了張集礦機電科多位領導的大力支持，在此致以誠摯的謝意！同時感謝西門子（中國）有限公司自動化驅動集團提供的大量資料。
『貳』 製冷壓縮機的科技論文的撰寫思路
摘要 隨著時代的不斷發展，製冷技術也在不斷的發展，自然界的客觀規律是熱量傳遞總是從高溫物體傳向低溫物體，直到溫度相等。但是在消耗功可使低溫物體傳熱量到高溫物體，人工製冷就是使熱量從低溫物體傳遞到高溫物體的技術。製冷技術的應用也日益的廣泛，現已滲透到人們生活生產各個領域中，並在改善人們的生活質量方面發揮著巨大作用。在此簡單介紹製冷技術及應用。 關鍵詞：吸附製冷 磁製冷 循環系統 熱電製冷 環保 節能 1 吸附製冷技術 吸附式製冷技術非常適用於太陽能和地熱能等可再生能源的應用和余熱、廢熱的回收,這也是其與壓縮式製冷技術競爭的主要優勢之一。 1. 1 原理
『叄』 如何寫關於壓縮機，泵的論文
全封閉製冷壓縮機的發展趨勢 【摘要】 詳細介紹了全封閉製冷壓縮機的發展趨勢和前景。引用大量的數據證明各種壓縮機的發展空間和必然性。從而為各行業使用製冷壓縮機提供了可靠的數據和指導說明。 【關鍵詞】 電磁振動式壓縮機；電動式壓縮機；發展趨勢 0引言 發表職稱論文，就找ABC論文坊： http://www.lwabc.net 製冷壓縮機質量的好壞將直接影響著電冰箱、空調器等小型製冷設備的製冷效果、使用壽命、噪音和震動等多種性能。就製冷壓縮機的工作原理與結構而言，形式多樣，性能各異。現在生產的小型製冷設備採用的全封閉式壓縮機，按其結構特性可分為電磁式和電動式兩大類。而電動式又可分為往復活塞式、旋轉活塞式和渦旋式3種類型。以上幾種全封閉製冷壓縮機的性能特點。 l 電磁振動式壓縮機 電磁振動式壓縮機有以下3種：11動圈式電磁振動型；2)動鐵芯式電磁振動型；3)懸吊動磁鐵式電磁振動型。其中，動圈式在全封閉式製冷壓縮機中被實際應用，它是利用通以交流電流的線圈產生的交變磁場與永久磁場之間相互作用，直接驅動活塞作往復運動的壓縮 機。其特點是結構簡單、零部件少、加工精度要求不高、容易製造。因此從20世紀50年代開始就用於容積較小的電冰箱。ABC論文坊但從另一方面，由於電源頻率變化引起的製冷量變化大，且50 Hz和60 Hz不能通用，存在著因排氣、吸氣壓力引起行程變化等問題，使活塞行程的長短隨負荷的變化而改變，同時機內彈簧作高頻諧振，易產生彈性疲勞，因此一般只適用於生產100 W 以下的壓縮機。而動鐵芯式和懸吊動磁鐵式電磁振動型由於只在研究階段還沒有實際應用。故此不作介紹。 2 電動式壓縮機 2．1 往復活塞式壓縮機 按其結構分為滑管式和連桿式壓縮機兩類。 2．1．1 滑管式壓縮機 滑管式壓縮機產生於20世紀60年代，它是往復活塞式壓縮機的一種類型。其特點是結構簡單，工藝性好，成本較低，對零部件的加工精度要求不高，製造和裝配都比較容易，所以發展較快。目前這類壓縮機在國內外的電冰箱生產中應用比較普遍。缺點是活塞與缸壁間的側力較大、磨擦功耗大、能效比偏低，因此目前滑管式壓縮機正在進入衰退期，將逐漸被連桿式壓縮機或旋轉式壓縮機所取代。 2．1．2 連桿式壓縮機 連桿式壓縮機也屬往復活塞式，是電冰箱採用時間較早的一種。在20世紀5O年代以前生產的電冰箱幾乎都是採用連桿式壓縮機。其特點是運轉比較平穩、雜訊低、磨損小、使用壽命長、能效比較高、工作可靠、綜合性能優良。但由於零部件形狀復雜，加工精度要求較 高，工藝難度較大，因此其發展一度受到限制，在電冰箱及其它小型製冷設備中被滑管式和旋轉式壓縮機所取代。近幾年來隨著機械工業的不斷發展，對其結構進行了多方面的技術改進。目前連桿式壓縮機又成為電 www.lwabc.net 冰箱壓縮機的主導產品。總需求是有較大的提升【1_。近年來世界各電冰箱生產大國，尤其是日本、義大利、美國等國對往復式壓縮機的製造技術進行了多方面的改造，從而使連桿式壓縮機的各項性能都有了很大的提高。因此，有重新成為電冰箱壓縮機主導產品的趨勢。 2_2 旋轉式壓縮機 旋轉式壓縮機的電機無需將轉子的旋轉運動轉換為活塞的往復運動，而是直接帶動旋轉活塞作旋轉運動來完成對製冷劑蒸氣的壓縮。這種壓縮機更適合於小型空調器，特別是在家用空調器上的應用更為廣泛。如美國通用電器公司和沃普公司生產的旋轉式壓縮機都設計了較好的防過熱和潤滑裝置。它採用把冷凝器處的部分製冷液用配管引至壓縮室，使之在氣缸內噴射的冷卻方式，提高了冷卻效果。為了防止把大量的製冷液直接吸人氣缸內，產生液擊，在吸氣迴路的壓縮機前部設有氣液分離器，潤滑油和製冷液一旦進入器內 則製冷液在氣液分離器內蒸發，壓縮機吸人的是氣體；潤滑油從氣液分離器下方的小孔中緩緩地連續 少量進入壓縮機，用這種方法防止液擊[21。油泵給油的方法是在轉軸下端裝設兩個齒輪狀的葉輪，它與轉軸一同轉動。對油施加離心力，從轉軸中心孑L把油導向上方。另外，在軸的外表面上開有螺旋狀的油槽，實現對軸承部位的給油。作為安全措施。在壓縮機頂部裝有過 負荷繼電器，這種繼電器是用感溫板感受壓縮機內部高壓氣體的溫度，當達到一定的溫度後，繼電器動作，壓縮機停止運轉，用這種方法防止電動機燒毀，因此說旋轉式壓縮機是一種很有發展前景的壓縮機。其主要優點是：由於活塞作旋轉運動，壓縮工作圓滑平穩，平衡性能好，另外旋轉式壓縮機沒有餘隙容積，無再膨脹氣體的干擾，因此具有壓縮效率高、零部件少、體積小、重量輕、平衡性能好、噪音低、防護措施完備和耗電量小等優點。缺點是壓縮機對材質、加工精度、熱處理、裝配工藝及潤滑系統要求較高，由於要靠運動間隙中的潤滑油進行密封，為從排氣中分離出油，機殼內須做成高壓，因此，電動機、壓縮機容易過熱，如果不採取特殊的措施。在大型壓縮機和低溫用壓縮機中是不能使用的。由於它比其它類型的壓縮機有較明顯的優勢，所以它得到廣泛了推廣應用。如國產上菱BCD一180 W、阿里斯頓BCD-220 W 等電冰箱都採用了旋轉式壓縮機。尤其在家用空調器上的應用就更為普遍，從發展的趨勢看旋轉式壓縮機今後有可能成為市場的主導產品。 2．3 渦旋式壓縮機 渦旋式壓縮機是20世紀8O年代發展起來的新型產品。它效率高，雜訊低，體積小，重量輕，不需要排氣閥組，工作的可靠性及容積效率都較高，允許氣體製冷劑中帶少量液體，輸氣效率高，氣體泄漏少，可較好地運用於小型熱泵系統、小型空調等。綜上所述，幾種壓縮機的性能特點，我們不難看出經多年的技術改造，連桿式壓縮機在一定的時期內仍有明顯的優勢，而旋轉式壓縮機則是一種新型的產品，特別是在空調器上的應用更為廣泛，必將成為製冷產業的主導產品。通過對往復式和旋轉式壓縮機的性能試驗比較可知，往復式和旋轉式壓縮機，啟動後排氣、吸氣壓力的時間變化特性不同，電動機上的負荷轉矩由吸、排氣壓力的大小確定，在往復式的情況下，投入運轉幾分鍾內至十幾分鍾後，排氣壓力出現峰值，對於電動機，為了承受這個尖峰負荷，需要比穩定運轉時所需轉矩大得多f2～4倍)[31。而旋轉 式壓縮機，由於不存在剛剛啟動後的峰值，所以，只要有一般穩定運轉時所需的轉矩即可，因此可以實現電動機的小型化，這也是它今後發展優勢所在。 參考文獻 [1]胡鵬程，趙清．電冰箱、空調器的原理和維修【M】．北京：電子工業出版社．1995：1 14—148． [2]吳業正．製冷原理及設備【M】(第2版)．西安：西安交通大學出版社．2006． [3]趙春怡，王志強．活塞式單機雙級製冷壓縮JJL[M]．北京：機械工業出版社．2003．
『肆』 哪位大俠可以給我發一個《輸氣站場壓縮機的日常操作與維修》的論文啊 大學畢業論文那種
草 雷哥 我也需要啊
『伍』 急求3L-15/12型空氣壓縮機的畢業設計論文的cad圖紙. 類似的也行
你好的！
① 中國知網也好、萬方數據也好都有例子！
② 並且大部分的院校都有免費的介面！
③ 如果真沒有免費的介面，那就網路知道懸賞求助下載吧！
④ 要是要外文的論文准備翻譯的話，最好的辦法就是【谷歌學術】
⑤ 需要什麼語言的論文直接就用相應的語言搜索！100% 能找到類似的！
⑥ 至於翻譯，可以直接谷歌翻一下，弄完在自己縷縷就可以了！
⑦ 要是計算機類的代碼什麼的到CSDN或者51CTO下載！
【友情提示】==================論文寫作方法===========================
{首先就不要有馬上畢業，最後一次花點錢就得了的想法}
① 其實，原創的論文網上沒有免費為你代謝的！誰願意花時間給你寫這個呢？難道你在空閑的時間原以為別人提供這種毫無意義的服務么？所以：還不如自己寫。主要是網上的不可靠因素太多，萬一碰到騙人的，就不上算了。
② 寫作論文的簡單方法，首先大概確定自己的選題【這個很可能老師已經給你確定了】，然後在網上查找幾份類似的文章。
③ 通讀一些相關資料，對這方面的內容有個大概的了解！看看別人都從哪些方面寫這個東西！
④ 參照你們學校的論文的格式，列出提綱，接著要將提綱給你們老師看看，再修改。等老師同意你這個提綱之後，你就可以補充內容！
⑤ 也可以把這幾份論文綜合一下，從每篇論文上復制一部分，組成一篇新的文章！然後把按自己的語言把每一部分換下句式或詞，經過換詞不換意的辦法處理後,網上就查不到了！
⑥ 最後，到萬方等資料庫進行檢測【這里便宜啊，每一萬字才1塊錢】，將掃紅部分進行再次修改！
⑦ 祝你順利完成論文!
【WARNING】=========================================================
[Ⅰ] 如果確認找人代筆，交押金的要慎重考慮！
[Ⅱ] 淘寶交易的話，一定看好他的打款時間，有的設定為【3天】，到期之後人家自然收到錢！
[Ⅲ] 希望用我的回答能讓童鞋們多個心眼！
『陸』 跪求《離心壓縮機二段冷卻期設計》 相關論文 英語原文及翻譯
可以幫你下載英文原版論文。
『柒』 空氣壓縮機2016年畢業論文
空氣壓縮機的， 能聊來；。
『捌』 求一篇壓縮機方面的英文論文（最好是隔膜壓縮機的）3000字以上
The Basics
A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way.
* Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more.
* The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more.
* The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned.
* When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand.
* This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator.
* The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward.
The types of jet engines include:
* Turbojet
* Turbofan
* Turboprop
* Turbo shaft
Turbojet
The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine.
Turbofan
Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being proced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a ct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners.
Turboprop
Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust proced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft.
Turbo shaft
Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil.
Overall
Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two.
These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow.
A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines.
Explanation of the above cycle:
* Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure.
* As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system).
* Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure.
* Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases.
The Compressor
There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal.
The Axial Compressor
* The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors.
* In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage.
* On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency.
* Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about 1.3:1 (so after the first stage, the pressure would be 1.3 above atmospheric, after the second it would be 1.69, 2.2, etc...).
The Centrifugal Compressor
* Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser.
* Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to proce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical.
- Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop.
- An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight).
- Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more.
- Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion.
- Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner.
- A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust.
- Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles.
micro turbine
- The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing.
- A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second.
- Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal!
- The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this.
Communications Technology
Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help
Right of Access
The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on
computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to
information about you. You can make an access request to any
organisation or any indivial who has personal information about you.
For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your
bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with
your affairs, or your employer.
If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is
inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or
"rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information
erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping
the information has no good reason to hold it (i.e. it is irrelevant
or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been
obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or
erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data.
In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data i.e.
to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you
might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for
other purposes.
If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct
marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have
the right to have your details removed from that database. This right
is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying
telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply
by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write
back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your
request.
Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner
What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to
correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having
difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person
or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you
may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will
investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to
ensure that your rights are upheld.
The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights:
* with advice and information
* by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not
been given satisfaction
* by taking action against those failing to fulfil their
obligations.
SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY
Ergonomics
Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study
of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human
body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include
chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may
have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which
offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height
and other elements which can be changed by the user.
Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input
devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or
carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force
users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To
prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have
symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards,
not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices
exist.
Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and
anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is
also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This
psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human
factors or Human factors engineering in the U.S., and ergonomics is
the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive
workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and,
very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by
ergonomists.
[IMAGE]
With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning
of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain.
Codec
1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software
that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video
data streams. The purpose of a codec is to rece the size of
digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up
transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec
designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing
the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with
the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for
music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital
format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio.
The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely
in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are
also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound
card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the
main CPU does the rest.
When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other
device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV,
analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and
video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy
codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is
why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If
a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is
restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a
subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing.
LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local
area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a
college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure.
The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are
different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area
networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically
faster than WANs.
The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint
and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share
disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally
vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in
the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring
technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies
are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users.
A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport
mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to
obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be
interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is
used to make the connection between LANs.
WAN
WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users
and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers
in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular
organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service
providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the
Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of
the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub
within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the
basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols
including X.25 and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs.
Ethernet
Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment
share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100
Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched
Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full bandwidth.When
using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch.
This constitutes the physical transport mechanism.
Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external
radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to 1.2
miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well
as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link)
was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
『玖』 論文關於離心空氣壓縮機
離心機就是以壓縮機本體轉速來作為基礎的，產生風量提高空氣壓力的，具體可以參照IHI牌子的離心空壓機
『拾』 壓縮機模擬的論文能投到sci嗎
學術論文具有四大特點：①學術性 ②科學性 ③創造性 ④理論性
一、學術性
學術論文的科學性，要求作者在立論上不得帶有個人好惡的偏見，不得主觀臆造，必須切實地從客觀實際出發，從中引出符合實際的結論。在論據上，應盡可能多地佔有資料，以最充分的、確鑿有力的論據作為立論的依據。在論證時，必須經過周密的思考，進行嚴謹的論證。
二、科學性
科學研究是對新知識的探求。創造性是科學研究的生命。學術論文的創造性在於作者要有自己獨到的見解，能提出新的觀點、新的理論。這是因為科學的本性就是「革命的和非正統的」，「科學方法主要是發現新現象、制定新理論的一種手段，舊的科學理論就必然會不斷地為新理論推翻。」（斯蒂芬·梅森）因此，沒有創造性，學術論文就沒有科學價值。
三、創造性
學術論文在形式上是屬於議論文的，但它與一般議論文不同，它必須是有自己的理論系統的，不能只是材料的羅列，應對大量的事實、材料進行分析、研究，使感性認識上升到理性認識。一般來說，學術論文具有論證色彩，或具有論辯色彩。論文的內容必須符合歷史 唯物主義和 唯物辯證法，符合「實事求是」、「有的放矢」、「既分析又綜合」 的科學研究方法。
四、理論性
指的是要用通俗易懂的語言表述科學道理，不僅要做到文從字順，而且要准確、鮮明、和諧、力求生動。
1.表論文的過程 投稿-審稿-用稿通知-辦理相關費用-出刊-郵遞樣刊一般作者先了解期刊，選定期刊後，找到投稿方式，部分期刊要求書面形式投稿。大部分是採用電子稿件形式。 2.發表論文審核時間一般普通刊物（省級、國家級）審核時間為一周，高質量的雜志，審核時間為14-20天。 核心期刊審核時間一般為4個月，須經過初審、復審、終審三道程序。 3.期刊的級別問題 國家沒有對期刊進行級別劃分。但各單位一般根據期刊的主管單位的級別來對期刊劃為省級期刊和國家級期刊。省級期刊主管單位是省級單位。國家級期刊主管單位是國家部門或直屬部門。