1. 關於單片機的英文文獻哪裡有啊謝謝各位了~~~急啊！
在電子學中，集成電路（IC、微電路、微晶元、硅晶元或晶元）是一種由半導體器件（主要是半導體器件以及被動組件）構成的微型電子電路，其被製造在薄半導體材料的表面。混合集成電路則是由單獨的半導體器件以及被動組件通過焊接方式連接到基板或電路板上的微型電子電路。
本文專注於單片集成電路（Monolithic Integrated Circuits），這類集成電路是在單一半導體基片上製造而成的，集成了多個功能電路，如晶體管、電阻和電容等。
單片集成電路因其體積小、性能穩定、可靠性高、成本低廉等優點，在電子設備中得到了廣泛應用，特別是在單片機（Microcontroller Unit，簡稱MCU）領域。
單片機是一種內置CPU、存儲器、輸入輸出介面等組件的集成電路，可以獨立完成數據處理、控制、通信等功能，廣泛應用於各種電子設備中，如汽車、家電、工業控制、醫療設備等。
單片機的英文文獻資源豐富，可以在學術資料庫、在線期刊平台以及電子書庫中找到。一些知名的資源庫包括IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect、Google Scholar等，這些平台提供了大量的英文文獻，涵蓋了單片機的原理、設計、應用等方面。
對於研究單片機技術的學者和工程師來說，這些文獻是了解最新研究成果、技術趨勢的重要資料。通過閱讀這些英文文獻，可以深入了解單片機的最新進展，為自己的研究和開發工作提供寶貴的參考。
此外，還可以關注一些專注於單片機技術的在線論壇和社區，如嵌入式系統論壇、GitHub等，這些平台不僅提供了豐富的技術資源，還能與其他研究者交流經驗，共同進步。
總之，通過利用豐富的英文文獻資源，可以深入了解單片機的最新研究和技術動態，為自己的研究和開發工作提供有力支持。
2. 關於單片機控制步進電機的英文參考文獻
文獻螞舉1:
This project aimed to develop a wireless system to detect and allow only the authorized persons. The system was based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a passive RFID tag. The passive micro transponder tag collects power from the 125 KHz magnetic field generated by the base station, gathers information about the Tag ID and sends this information to the base station. The base station receives, decodes and checks the information available in its Database and Manchester code was used to send those information. The system performed as desired with a 10cm diameter antenna attached to the transponder. The Base Station is built by using the Popular 8051 family Microcontroller. It gets the tag ID and if the tag ID is stored in its memory then the microcontroller will allow the person inside.
RFID Reader Mole, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used Reader frequency is 125 KHz.
全部內高賣容及下載戚物逗地址:
http://www.8051projects.net/downloads137.html
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文獻2:
Choose controller according to your requirements of program memory(flash), RAM, ADC, EEPROM. 16kB of flash is sufficient to implement floodfill algorithm. If you are thinking of implementing floodfill algorithm then 256 bytes are required to store Map of the maze and 512 bytes are required for processing so you need atleast 1kBRAM to implement floodfill. ATmega16,32 and PIC18f452 are some controllerspopularly used in micromouse. If you are thinking of building just a wall follower then simple 8051 based controller likeAT89s52 can also be used. Stepper driving:Please read http://www.triindia.co.in/resources/?p=40 a step by step stepper motor guidefirst. There are two types of motors a) unipolar b) bipolar. Unipolar stepper motors can be used as bipolar steppers so prefer unipolar whilepurchasing stepper. You can use simple ULN2803 IC the circuit can be found in 8051 microcontroller by Mazidi. ULN2803 has eight darlington pair in a single package. It hascurrent carrying capacity of 500mA. so it will get heated up frequently will get damaged.So two ULN2803 can be connected in parallel to fix the problem but this is a chalta haiway of driving stepper.
全部見:
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:8fC6eNhdpGEJ:graigroup.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/micromouse1.pdf+stepper+motor+AT89S52&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=uk
---------------------------------------------------------------文獻3:
Stepper Motor Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
1. The rotation angle of the motor is
proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at stand-
still (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeat-
ability of movement since good
stepper motors have an accuracy of
3 – 5% of a step and this error is
non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4. Excellent response to starting/
stopping/reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no con-
tact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is
simply dependant on the life of the
bearing.
6. The motors response to digital
input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler
and less costly to control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low
speed synchronous rotation with a
load that is directly coupled to the
shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds
can be realized as the speed is
proportional to the frequency
全文見:
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:v1op7zKvYDEJ:library.solarbotics.net/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf+stepper+motor&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=uk
3. 關於單片機方面的英文文獻，最還有翻譯
基於單片機的電子表設計
摘要：近年來隨著計算機在社會領域的滲透和大規模集成電路的發展，單片機的應用正在不斷地走向深入，由於它具有功能強，體積小，功耗低，價格便宜，工作可靠，使用方便等特點，因此特別適合於與控制有關的系統，越來越廣泛地應用於自動控制，智能化儀器，儀表，數據採集，軍工產品以及家用電器等各個領域，單片機往往是作為一個核心部件來使用，在根據具體硬體結構，以及針對具體應用對象特點的軟體結合，以作完善。
本次做的電子表是以單片機（AT89S51）為核心，結合相關的元器件（共陰極LED數碼顯示器、BCD-鎖存/7段解碼等），再配以相應的軟體，達到實現時鍾日歷顯示的功能，也具有日歷計算、顯示和時鍾、日歷的校準，以及多路開關定時輸出等功能，其硬體部分難點在於元器件的選擇、布局及焊接。
Based on the design of electronic SCM
Abstract: In recent years, with computer penetration in the social sphere and the development of large-scale integrated circuits, MCU applications are constantly deepening, as it has a function of strong, small size, low power consumption, cheap, reliable, Easy to use, and other characteristics, and therefore particularly suited to control the system, more widely used in automatic control, intelligent instruments, meters, data acquisition, military procts and household appliances, and other fields, the MCU is often as a core Parts to use, in accordance with specific hardware and application-specific characteristics of the object with software to make perfect.
This is done in electronic form SCM (AT89S51) as the core, the combination of related components (of cathode LED digital display, BCD-latch / 7 of the decoder, and so on), Coupled with the corresponding software, to achieve Clock calendar shows that the function of the calendar also calculated, display and the clock, the calendar of calibration, and multi-channel Kaiguandingshi output, and other functions, some of its hardware components is difficult choice, layout and welding.
4. 大哥你幫我也整一篇關於單片機的英文文獻~3000字的 還要有中文翻譯~謝謝了
1. About SCM
It can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed.
Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time instrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of procts, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the proct, often in the proct name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain procts, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the proct without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that ring operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.
單片機的簡介
可以說，二十世紀跨越了三個「電」的時代，即電氣時代、電子時代和現已進入的電腦時代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指個人計算機，簡稱PC機。它由主機、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計算機，大多數人卻不怎麼熟悉。這種計算機就是把智能賦予各種機械的單片機（亦稱微控制器）。顧名思義，這種計算機的最小系統只用了一片集成電路，即可進行簡單運算和控制。因為它體積小，通常都藏在被控機械的「肚子」里。它在整個裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個裝置就癱瘓了。
現在，這種單片機的使用領域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實時工控、通訊設備、導航系統、家用電器等。各種產品一旦用上了單片機，就能起到使產品升級換代的功效，常在產品名稱前冠以形容詞——「智能型」，如智能型洗衣機等。現在有些工廠的技術人員或其它業余電子開發者搞出來的某些產品，不是電路太復雜，就是功能太簡單且極易被仿製。究其原因，可能就卡在產品未使用單片機或其它可編程邏輯器件上。
單片機的基本組成是由中央處理器（即CPU中的運算器和控制器）、只讀存貯器（通常表示為ROM）、讀寫存貯器（又稱隨機存貯器通常表示為RAM）、輸入/輸出口（又分為並行口和串列口，表示為I/O口）等等組成。實際上單片機裡面還有一個時鍾電路，使單片機在進行運算和控制時，都能有節奏地進行。另外，還有所謂的「中斷系統」，這個系統有「傳達室」的作用，當單片機控制對象的參數到達某個需要加以干預的狀態時，就可經此「傳達室」通報給CPU，使CPU根據外部事態的輕重緩急來採取適當的應付措施。
5. 關於單片機的參考文獻要具體頁碼， 要求至少出現2篇英文,期刊需要頁碼，有的發我郵箱，[email protected]
[1] 張毅剛.《新編MCS51單片機應用設計（第三版）》，哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業大學出版社，2008
[2] 何立民.《單片機應用技術選編》，北京：北京航空大學出版社，1998
[3] 李華.《MCS-51系列單片機使用介面技術》，北京：北京航空航天大學出版社，1993
[4] 彭為.《單片機典型系統設計實例精講》，北京：電子工業出版社，2006
[5] 潘永雄.《新編單片機原理與應用》，西安：西安電子科技大學出版社，2003
[6] 童詩白,華成英，《模擬電子技術基礎》，北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[7] 閻石主.《數字電子技術基礎》，北京：高等教育出版社，1998
[8] 樊昌信,曹麗娜.《通信原理》，北京：國防工業出版社，2007
[9] 李瀚蓀.《電路分析基礎》，北京：高等教育出版社1991
畢 業 論 文（設 計）開 題 報 告
[10]G.Edward Suh, Charles W．O』Donnell， Srinivas Devadas， Aegis：a single-chip secure processor, IEEE Design and Test of Computers．2008，24（6）570－580．
[11] Mt. Prospect.MCS 51 Family of Microcontrollers Architectural Overview. September 1993
6. 單片機英文文獻及翻譯，5000字左右 急需 謝謝 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first 『revolutionary』 system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there 『logic』 changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with 『computers』 disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We』ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose 『smart』 I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel』s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly