美國歷史英文pdf

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❷ 美國歷史介紹，要英文版的~在線等

United States
officially United States of AmericaFederal republic, North America.
It comprises 48 contiguous states occupying the mid-continent, Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. The territory was originally inhabited for several thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European settlement, by the Spanish, was at Saint Augustine, Fla., in 1565; the British settled Jamestown, Va. (1607); Plymouth, Mass. (1620); Maryland (1634); and Pennsylvania (1681). The British took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 (see French and Indian War) assured British political control over its 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The U.S. was first organized under the Articles of Confederation (1781), then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country's territory. The U.S. fought the War of 1812 against the British and acquired Florida from Spain in 1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlement expanded into the Far West in the mid-19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 (see gold rush). Victory in the Mexican War (1846–48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into U.S. hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity ring the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free instrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery under the 13th Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865–77) the U.S. experienced rapid growth, urbanization, instrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it authorized allotment of American Indian reservation land to indivial tribesmen, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the end of the 19th century, it had developed foreign trade and acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, Midway Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. The U.S. participated in World War I in 1917–18. It granted suffrage to women in 1920 and citizenship to American Indians in 1924. The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression. The U.S. entered World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941). The explosion by the U.S. of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and another on Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945), Japan, brought about Japan's surrender. Thereafter the U.S. was the military and economic leader of the Western world.
美國歷史不是幾句話就可以說完的，這已是壓縮版，因為我是學歷史的，可能覺得什麼都很重要。

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❹ 美國歷史簡介英文版

美國人民是個勇敢而愛好自由的民族. 他們原本來自世界各地, 是許多不同的文化、種族和宗教, 經過長時期的共存結合而形成的, 漸漸他們以身為美國人而自豪.

17世紀以前, 北美廣大原野僅有印第安人和愛斯基摩人居住, 但經過百餘年的移民, 這里已成為歐洲國家人民的新家園, 而其中最主要為英國人所建立的13州殖民地, 這13州殖民地宣布脫離英國而獨立. 幾經協商與改革, 聯邦體制的美國, 於法國大革命前夕, 正式登上世界舞台. 早期的美國很歡迎外來的移民, 這些移民使她迅速地成長. 美國人口, 在1776 年只有300萬人, 而現在則超過2億. 在人口迅速增加的過程中, 新的生存空間, 也跟著不斷開拓, 而方向則由東向西, 拓疆的先驅們不但從事農耕畜牧, 也尋找礦產及其它資源. 到了20世紀,美國不但已成為世界強國, 並且也是科學、技術、醫葯及軍事力量的先進國家.

殖民時期以前(1607以前)

在兩萬多年前, 有一批來自亞洲的流浪者, 經由北美到中南美洲, 這些人就是印第安人的祖先. 當哥倫布發現新大陸時, 居住在美洲的印第安人, 約有2,000萬, 其中有大約100萬人住在現在的加拿大和美國中北部, 其餘絕大部分住在現在的墨西哥和美國南部. 大約1萬年前, 又有另一批亞洲人, 移居到北美北部, 這是後來的愛斯基摩人. 而最早到美洲的白種人大概是維京人, 他們是一群喜好冒險的捕漁人, 有人認為他們在1,000年前,曾到過北美東海岸. 殖民時期(1607～1753) 1607年, 一個約一百人的殖民團體, 在乞沙比克海灘建立了詹姆士鎮, 這是英國在北美所建的第一個永久性殖民地. 在以後150年中, 陸續涌來了許多的殖民者, 定居於沿岸地區, 其中大部分來自英國, 也有一部分來自法國、德國、荷蘭、愛爾蘭和其他國家. 18世紀中葉, 13個英國殖民地逐漸形成, 他們在英國的最高主權下有各自的政府和議會. 這13個殖民區因氣候和地理環境的差異, 造成了各地經濟形態、政治制度與觀念上的差別.

獨立運動(1754～1783)

18世紀中葉, 英國在美洲的殖民地與英國之間, 已有了裂痕. 殖民地的擴張, 使他們產生某種自覺, 自覺到英國的迫害, 而萌生獨立的念頭. 1774年, 來自12州的代表, 聚集在費城, 召開所謂第一次大陸會議, 希望能尋出一條合理的途徑, 與英國和平解決問題, 然而英王卻堅持殖民地必須無條件臣服於英王, 並接受處分. 1775年, 在麻州點燃戰火, 5月, 召開第二次大陸會議, 堅定了戰爭與獨立的決心, 並發表有名的獨立宣言, 提出充分的理由來打這場仗, 這也是最後致勝的要素. 1781年, 美軍贏得了決定性的勝利, 1783年, 美英簽定巴黎條約, 結束了獨立戰爭.

組成新政府(1784～1819)

革命的成功, 使美國人民有了以立法形式表達他們政治觀念的機會. 1787年, 在費城舉行聯邦會議, 會中華盛頓被推為主席, 他們採取一項原則, 即中央的權力是一般性的, 但必須有審慎的規定和說明, 同時, 他們也接受一項事實, 那就是全國性政府必須有稅收、鑄造貨幣、調整商業、宣戰及締結條約的權力. 此外, 為了防止中央權力過大, 而採取孟德斯鳩的均權政治學說, 即政府中設置三個平等合作與制衡的部門, 即立法、行 政、司法三種權力相互調和, 制衡而不使任何一權占控制地位.

向西擴張(1820～1849)

19世紀初期, 數以千計的人, 越過阿帕拉契山, 向西移動, 有些開拓者, 移居到美國的邊界, 甚至深入屬於墨西哥的領地、以及介於阿拉斯加與加利福尼亞的俄勒岡. 開拓者勇敢、勤奮地向西尋求更好的生活.

南北沖突(1850～1869)

引起內戰的原因, 不單是經濟上、政治上、軍事上的問題, 還包括了思想上的沖突. 內戰暴露了美國的弱點. 對這個國家的存在, 作了一番考驗. 經過了這次考驗, 美國才步向一個中央集權化之現代國家的坦途. 南北之間, 為奴隸問題而起爭執, 南方在全國政治上的主要方針, 就在保護和擴大"棉花與奴隸"制度所代表的利益；而北部各州, 主要是製造業、商業和 金融的中心, 這些生產無需依賴奴隸, 這種經濟上和政治上的沖突都是由來已久的. 1860年代初期, 11個南方的州脫離聯邦, 另組政府, 北方則表示, 為了統一將不惜付出任何代價. 1861年, 內戰爆發了, 這場美國人面對面的流血戰, 打了四年, 南方遭到嚴重的破壞, 而且留下深深的傷痕. 1865年, 北方戰勝了, 這項勝利不但顯示美國回復統一, 而且, 從此全國各地不再施行奴隸制度.

工業化與改革(1870～1916)

19世紀初期, 美國開始工業化, 而內戰之後, 則步入成熟階段. 在從內戰至第一次世界大戰的不到50年時間內, 她從一個農村化的共和國變成了城市化的國家. 機器代替了手工,產品大量增加. 全國性的鐵道網, 增進了貨品流通. 應大眾的需要, 許多新發明應市了. 銀行業提供貸款, 促成工商業經營的擴大. 故從1890到1917年的近30年間被稱為所謂"進步時期", 1914 年, 世界大戰爆發, 1917年,美國終於被捲入大戰漩渦中, 並且在世界上嘗試扮演新的角色.

世界的新地位(1917～1929)

在戰後的10年間, 美國的社會與文化可說是個無生氣、無感情, 屬於商人階級的10年. 據1929年統計, 居城 與居鄉的比率是56%∶44%, 這時舉凡現代生活的特色, 諸如汽車、電話、收音機、洗衣機, 已成為生活的必需品. 戰後經濟呈現極度的繁榮, 原因有二, 一為政府不再干涉私營企業且有立法保護之, 二為新技術的帶 動. 雖然經濟成長很快, 但是基礎不穩.

不景氣時代和第二次世界大戰(1930～1959)

經濟大恐慌, 影響的不只是美國, 世界各國都受到它的打擊, 經濟大恐慌, 使上百萬的工人失業, 大批的農人被迫放棄耕地, 工廠商店關門, 銀行倒閉…… 一片蕭條. 1932年, 羅斯福當選總統, 他主張政府應拿出行動來結束經濟大恐慌, 新政府雖然解決了許多的困難, 但美國的經濟還是要到二次大戰, 才蘇醒起來. 第二次世界大戰之後, 美蘇兩國, 關系日趨惡化, 分別在軍事、政治、經濟、宣傳各方面, 加緊准備, 一如戰時, 這種狀態, 被稱為"冷戰".

1960年以來

美國歷史自1960以來, 許多方面仍是戰後發展的延續. 經濟方面, 除了周期性的不景氣, 則仍不斷膨脹；從 城市移居到郊區的人口, 繼續增加, 1970年, 居郊人口超過了居城人口. 1960年初期, 黑人問題成為美國內部最主要的問題.

1960年代中期, 許多美國人開始不滿政府的對外政策. 此外, 由於工業的發展, 人口的集中, 60年代後期, 生態環境的污染廣受注意. 70年代初期, 由於能源危機而導致的經濟蕭條, 是大恐慌以來, 最嚴重的一次.

70年代中期, 經濟一度復甦, 但到70年代未期, 又出現通貨膨脹. 1976年, 美國建國200周年, 全國舉行各項慶祝活動. 1981年4月12日, 美國成功地發射"哥倫比亞號"太空梭, 將人類又帶入另一個太空新紀元. 1985年, 里根連任總統, 在日新月異的人類發展史中,美國將展開新的一頁.

❺ 誰能寫美國歷史簡介(英文版)

The United States of America is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bound on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States is a federal constitutional republic; Washington, its capital, is coextensive with the District of Columbia (D.C.), the federal capital district.

At over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km�0�5) and with over 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area and third largest by population. With a gross domestic proct (GDP) of over $13 trillion, the U.S. has the largest national economy in the world. GDP per capita ranks first among the larger economies of the world, and third or eighth overall, depending on the measurement. The proct of large-scale historical immigration and home to a complex social structure as well as a wide array of household arrangements,[7] the U.S. is one of the world's most ethnically and socially diverse nations.

The nation was founded by thirteen colonies declaring their independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776 as the new nation, the "United States of America." It adopted the current constitution (which has been amended several times subsequently) on September 17, 1787. The country greatly expanded in territory throughout the 19th century, acquiring further territory from Great Britain, as well as lands from France, Mexico, Spain, and Russia. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it became the world's sole remaining superpower, and is a declared nuclear weapons state. The United States continues to exert dominant economic, political, cultural and military influence around the globe.

美利堅合眾國（英語：United States of America），通稱美國，舊稱花旗國，是位於北美洲的聯邦共和制國家，也是世界上最為悠久的共和立憲制國家。

美國本土東瀕大西洋，西臨太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥及墨西哥灣。首都為華盛頓哥倫比亞特區。

美國源自於1776年脫離英國統治的北美殖民地，13州的殖民地代表一同發表了《美國獨立宣言》，在經歷艱苦的獨立戰爭後，於1783年與英國簽訂了巴黎協約，從此受到世界各國的承認。

經過兩百多年的發展，美國國土不斷拓展，37個州陸續加入聯邦旗下。目前有50個州，1個聯邦直轄特區，以及若干海外領地。國土面積超過962萬平方公里，是世界上第三國土面積的國家。美國有3億居民，人口數量位居世界第三。美國國旗上的50顆白色星星代表50個州；每當新州加入聯邦，次年的7月4日國旗將增加一顆星。國旗上紅色及白色橫條各7及6條，共13條，紀念最初的13個州。

建國200多年以來，美國曾經歷過內戰（1861—65年）和經濟大恐慌（1930年代）兩次嚴酷考驗，仍堅守自由民主制政治制度，成為憲法民主和公民自由的代表性國家。美國龐大的經濟、文化、科技、和軍事影響力貫穿了整個20世紀。在第一次世界大戰和第二次世界大戰中，美國和同盟國一同獲得勝利，並經歷數十年的冷戰後終於拖垮蘇聯，成為世界上唯一的超級大國[5]。當今美國在全世界的經濟、政治、軍事等眾多領域的龐大影響力都是無他國能比的。

❻ 哪位大神有《美國歷史》電子版書籍百度雲盤下載

美國歷史(出國留學英文版)(西方家庭學校經典教材讀本)-查爾斯•A•比爾德&瑪麗•R•比爾德-

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❼ 美國歷史簡介英文版, 簡介一下歷史上的Affirmative Action要英文版！！！

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State. The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France. The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously mped caffeinated cargo overboard ring the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon mped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo ring the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California. The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introced universal alt male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber. The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 ring the Cuban Missile Crisis. The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, e to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low. The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining instrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns ring the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history. The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

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History of the United States

This article is part of
the U.S. History
series.
Native Americans in the United States
Colonial America
1776–1789
1789–1849
1849–1865
1865–1918
1918–1945
1945–1964
1964–1980
1980–1987
1988–present
Timeline · The United States is a country occupying part of the North American continent ranging from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and including outlying areas as well. The first inhabitants of the area now claimed by the United States arrived at least 12,000 years ago, probably by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska. Relatively little is known of these early settlers compared to the Europeans who colonized the area after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Columbus' men were also the first known Old Worlders to land in the territory of the United States when they arrived in Puerto Rico the next year on their second voyage; the first European known to set foot in the continental U.S. was Juan Ponce de León, who arrived in Florida in 1513, though he may have been preceded by John Cabot in 1497.

Contents [hide]
1 Pre-Colonial America
2 Early European settlements
3 Colonial America (1493-1776)
4 Formation of the United States (1776-1789)
5 Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
6 Civil War Era (1849–1865)
7 Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)
8 Post World War I and the Great Depression (1918–1940)
9 Homefront: World War II (1940-1945)
10 Cold War Beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement (1945–1964)
11 Cold War (1964–1980)
12 End of the Cold War (1980–1988)
13 Modern Era (1988–present)
14 See also
15 Literature
16 External links

[edit]
Pre-Colonial America
Main articles: Native Americans in the United States and Pre-Columbian

Monk's Mound in Cahokia, Illinois, at 100 feet high is the largest man-made earthen mound in North America, was part of a city which had thousands of people around 1050 ADArcheologists believe that the present-day United States was first populated by people migrating from Asia via the Bering land bridge sometime between 50,000 and 11,000 years ago.[1] These people became the indigenous people who inhabited the Americas prior to the arrival of European explorers in the 1400s and who are now called Native Americans.

Many cultures thrived in the Americas before Europeans came, including the Puebloans (Anasazi) in the southwest and the Adena Culture in the east. Several such societies and communities, over time, intensified this practice of established settlements, and grew to support sizeable and concentrated populations. Agriculture was independently developed in what is now the eastern United States as early as 2500 BC, based on the domestication of indigenous sunflower, squash and goosefoot.[2] Eventually, the Mexican crops of maize and legumes were adapted to the shorter summers of eastern North America and replaced the indigenous crops.

[edit]
Early European settlements
One recorded European exploration of the Americas was by Christopher Columbus in 1492, sailing on behalf of the King and Queen of Spain. He did not reach mainland America until his fourth voyage, almost 20 years after his first voyage. He first landed on Haiti, where the Arawaks, whom he mistook for people of the Indies (thus, "Indians") greeted him and his fleet by swimming out to their ships with gifts and food. Columbus, after island-hopping for several months, heard nothing of gold, his main drive for the voyage. However, he realized that a great market of slavery could be made with these populations. By 1550, there were only 500 Arawaks left; about 250,000 Indians on Haiti had died from murder or suicide.

After a period of exploration by various European countries, Dutch, Spanish, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established. Columbus was the first European to set foot in U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico in 1493; the oldest remaining European settlements in the U.S. are San Juan, Puerto Rico, founded 1521, and on the mainland, St. Augustine in what is now the state of Florida, founded in 1565.

In the 15th century, Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. The introction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. The horse offered revolutionary speed and efficiency, both while hunting and in battle. The horse also became a sort of currency for native tribes and nations. Horses became a pivotal part in solidifying social hierarchy, expanding trade areas with neighboring tribes, and creating a stereotype both to their advantage and against it.

[edit]
Colonial America (1493-1776)

The Mayflower, which transported Pilgrims to the New World, arrived in 1620.
Territorial expansion of the United States, omitting Oregon and other claims.Main article: Colonial America

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown Settlement on the James River, both named after King James IColonial America was defined by ongoing battles between mainly English-speaking colonists and Natives, by a severe labor shortage that gave birth to forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude, and by a British policy of benign neglect (salutary neglect) that permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders.

The first truly successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River near the Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Company of London financed the purchase of three ships to transport settlers to the Virginia colony. The names of the three ships were The Susan Constant, Godspeed and the Discovery. The leader of the group was Captain Christopher Newport. Also on board was John Smith, an explorer, soldier, and writer. King James decided to give the Virginia Company a charter for the settlement. The settlers sought a location which had fresh water, deep water to dock their ships, and was easy to defend. The settlement was named Jamestown after the king. England also wanted to find gold, silver and other riches in North America.

As increasing numbers of settlers arrived in Virginia, many conflicts arose between the Native Americans and the colonists. The colonists increasingly appropriated land to farm and grow tobacco. This was the beginning of a general trend towards displacing Native Americans westward to make room for settlers. [1]

One example of conflict between Native Americans and English settlers was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Indians had killed hundreds of English settlers. The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philip's War in New England. [2]

Differences of language, religion and culture also contributed to the friction between the two groups. At the base of the friction was an assumption by the English colonists of racial, cultural and moral superiority. [3]

[Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676. By Joyce E. Chaplin . (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001] [John Wood Sweet. Bodies Politic - Negotiating Race in the American North, 1730-1830. Johns Hopkins University Press]

New England was founded by two separate groups of religious dissenters. A second group of colonists called the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the Thirteen Colonies established in 1733.

Spain claimed or controlled a large part of what is now the central and western United States as part of New Spain which included Spanish Florida, California and Texas. In 1682, French explorer Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and claimed the entire territory as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, which became New France. The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), remained off-limits to settlement from the 13 American colonies. The colonies of East Florida, West Florida, Grenada, and Quebec, added to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1763), were part of British North America open to travel, and ring the revolutionay war many Loyalists fled to them.

These are historic regions of the United States, meaning regions that were legal entities in the past, or which the average modern American would no longer immediately recognize as a regional description.

[edit]
Formation of the United States (1776-1789)

Washington's crossing of the Delaware, one of America's first successes in the Revolutionary war
The presentation of the Declaration of IndependenceMain article: History of the United States (1776-1789)
During this period the United States won its independence from Great Britain with help from France in the American War of Independence, or the American Revolutionary War as it is called in Great-Britain, and the thirteen former colonies established themselves as the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation.

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia declared the independence of the United States in a remarkable document, the Declaration of Independence, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson. Although it is said that Morocco was the first country in the World to officialy recognize the newly sovereign United States in 1777 it was the Dutch Governor Johannes de Graaff which fired a 11 gun salute when a US war ship called Andrew Doria flying the flag of the new United States sailed into Gallows Bay of St. Eustatius, part of the Netherlands Antilles, on November 16 1776, and the Netherlands became the first foreign country (de facto) to recognize the United States. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty. Signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, it has been in continuous effect since 1783.

The Boston Tea Party in 1773, often seen as the event which started the American RevolutionThe United States celebrates its founding date as July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence that rejected British authority in favor of self-determination. The structure of the government was profoundly changed on March 4, 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The new government reflected a radical break from the normative governmental structures of the time, favoring representative, elective government with a weak executive, rather than the existing monarchial structures common within the western traditions of the time. The system borrowed heavily from enlightenment age ideas and classical western philosophy, in that a primacy was placed upon indivial liberty and upon constraining the power of government through division of powers and a system of checks and balances.

The colonists' victory at Saratoga led the French into an open alliance with the United States. In 1781, a combined American and French Army, acting with the support of a French fleet, captured a large British army, led by General Cornwallis, at Yorktown, Virginia (see Siege of Yorktown). The surrender of General Cornwallis ended serious British efforts to find a military solution to their American problem.

A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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US growth maps
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Years
1775 · 1790 · 1800 · 1810 · 1820 · 1830 · 1840 · 1850 · 1860 · 1870 · 1880 · 1900 · 1920

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[edit]
Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
Main article: History of the United States (1789–1849)
During this period, the United States government was established by its first president, George Washington, and the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and various Indian Wars expanded and consolidated the land expanse of the United States--while largely displacing the indigenous population.

Economic growth in America per capita incomeGeorge Washington, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander and chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention, became the first President of the United States under the new U.S. Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, when settlers in the Monongahela Valley of western Pennsylvania protested against a federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks, was the first serious test of the federal government.

The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. In response to continued British impressment of American sailors into the British Navy Madison had the Twelfth United States Congress— led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians — declare war on Britain in 1812. The United States and Britain came to a draw in the War of 1812, after bitter fighting that lasted until January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, essentially resulted in the maintenance of the 'status quo ante bellum'; but, crucially for the U.S., saw the end of the British alliance with the Native Americans.

The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas; this was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States.

In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. This established Andrew Jackson, a military hero and president, as a cunning tyrant in regards to native populations. This Act resulted in the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes dying en route to the West, the Creek's violent opposition and eventual defeat and the Cherokee Nation taking up farming and "civilized behavior." The Cherokees, under Jackson's presidency, were eventually pushed from their land; even after success with agriculture, trade, and the creation of the first North American Indian written language. The Indian Removal Act also directly caused the ceding of Spanish Florida and subsequently led to the many Seminole Wars.

US territorial growth, 1810-1920Mexico refused to accept the annexation of Texas in 1845, and war broke out in 1846. The U.S., using regulars and large numbers of volunteers, defeated Mexico, which was badly led, short on resources, and was plagued by a divided command. Public sentiment in the States was also divided, as Whigs and anti-slavery forces opposed the war. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, New Mexico and adjacent areas to the United States. In 1850, the issue of slavery in the new territories was settled by the Compromise of 1850 brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas.

[edit]
Civil War Era (1849–1865)

The Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle and turning point of the American Civil WarMain article: History of the United States (1849–1865)
This period of United States history saw the breakdown of the ability of white Americans of the North and South to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African American slavery. Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the South seceded to form the Confederate States of America, the Civil War followed, with the ultimate defeat of the South.

In 1854, the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act abrogated the Missouri Compromise by providing that each new state of the Union would decide its stance on slavery. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861.

Blue the Union; Red the ConfederacyThe Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Fort Sumter. They fired because Fort Sumter was in a confederate state. Along with the northwestern portion of Virginia, four of the five northernmost "slave states" did not secede, and became known as the Border States. Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North when General Robert E. Lee led 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland. The Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17 1862, was the bloodiest single day in American history. At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made General Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies. Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood. Sherman's army laid waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his celebrated "March to the Sea", and reaching the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah in December 1864. Lee finally surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House.

[edit]
Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)

General Custer's last stand in the Battle of the Little BighornMain article: History of the United States (1865–1918)
After its civil war, America experienced an accelerated rate of instrialization, mainly in the northern states. However, Reconstruction and its failure left the Southern whites in a position of firm control over its black population, denying them their Civil Rights and keeping them in a state of economic, social and political servitude. Since the late 1800s, the United States has been formally grouped amongst the Great Powers, and has also become a dominant economic force.

U.S. Federal government policy, since the James Monroe administration, had been to move the indigenous population beyond the reach of the white frontier into a series of Indian Reservations. In 1876, the last serious Sioux war erupted, when the Dakota gold rush penetrated the Black Hills.

Ellis island in 1902, the main immigration port for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.An unprecedented wave of immigration to the United States served both to provide the labor for American instry and to create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas. Native American tribes were generally forced onto small reservations as white farmers and ranchers took over their lands. Abusive instrial practices led to the often violent rise of the labor movement in the United States.

The United States began its rise to international power in this period with substantial population and instrial growth domestically, and a number of military ventures abroad, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the United States blamed the sinking of the USS Maine (ACR-1) on Spain without any real evidence.

This period was capped by the 1917 entry of the United States into World War I.