‘壹’ 求单片机参考文献，中文的有相应的外文翻译
[1]杨十元.模拟系统故障诊断与可靠性设计，清华人学出版社，2004
[2]童诗白.模拟电子技术基础，高教出版社，2006
[3]周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术，北京航空航大大学出版社，2005
[4]李刚.ADuC812系列单片机原理和应用技术，北京航空航天山版社，2005
[5]胡诞康.在线测试技术的发展与展望，计量与测试技术，2001
[6]星河科技开发公司，印刷电路板在线测试系统的发展与应用，电子标准化与测量，2003
[7]季华.PCB测试技术的综合利用，电子产品世界，2007-12
[8]鲜坛.组装测试技术应用前景分析，世界电子元器件，2008-1
[9]张金敏.基于单片机控制的智能电阻电容在线测试仪，甘肃科技，2006
[10]庄绍雄王济浩张迎春.智能阻容在线测试技术，山东工业大学学报，
[11]陈国顺陈春沙王格芳等.通用电路板在线测试仪设计与开发，仪器仪表学报，2001
[12]Nancy Hplland.Automated Instruments Smooth Rapid Test System Development.Test & Measurement World,AUGUST 2001
[13]卢育强.如何设定ICT的上下限，电子生产设备，2003 142-143
[14]赵悦 沈青松 终玉军.路板的测试技术，辽宁工学院学报，2008-1
[15]程亚黎 曾周末.电路故障自动测试与诊断系统，中国仪器仪表，2007
‘贰’ 单片机温度控制系统论文 谁告诉我前言和摘要要怎么写,要中英版的.还要总结和感谢,谁发个给偶啊#53
基于51单片机的温度测量系统
摘要: 单片机在检测和控制系统中得到广泛的应用, 温度则是系统常需要测量、控制和保持的一个量。 本文从硬件和软件两方面介绍了AT89C2051单片机温度控制系统的设计，对硬件原理图和程序框图作了简洁的描述。
关键词: 单片机AT89C2051;温度传感器DS18B20;温度;测量
引言
单片机在电子产品中的应用已经越来越广泛,并且在很多电子产品中也将其用到温度检测和温度控制。为此在本文中作者设计了基于atmel公司的AT89C2051的温度测量系统。这是一种低成本的利用单片机多余I/O口实现的温度检测电路, 该电路非常简单, 易于实现, 并且适用于几乎所有类型的单片机。
一.系统硬件设计
系统的硬件结构如图1所示。
1.1数据采集
数据采集电路如图2所示, 由温度传感器DS18B20采集被控对象的实时温度, 提供给AT89C2051的P3.2口作为数据输入。在本次设计中我们所控的对象为所处室温。当然作为改进我们可以把传感器与电路板分离，由数据线相连进行通讯，便于测量多种对象。
DS18B20是DALLAS公司生产的一线式数字温度传感器，具有3引脚TO－92小体积封装形式；温度测量范围为－55℃～＋125℃,可编程为9位～12位A/D转换精度，测温分辨率可达0.0625℃，被测温度用符号扩展的16位数字量方式串行输出，支持3V～5.5V的电压范围，使系统设计更灵活、方便；其工作电源既可在远端引入，也可采用寄生电源方式产生；多个DS18B20可以并联到3根或2根线上，CPU只需一根端口线就能与诸多DS18B20通信，占用微处理器的端口较少，可节省大量的引线和逻辑电路。以上特点使DS18B20非常适用于远距离多点温度检测系统。分辨率设定，及用户设定的报警温度存储在EEPROM中，掉电后依然保存。DS18B20使电压、特性有更多的选择，让我们可以构建适合自己的经济的测温系统。如图2所示DS18B20的2脚DQ为数字信号输入/输出端；1脚GND为电源地；3脚VDD为外接供电电源输入端。
AT89C2051（以下简称2051）是一枚8051兼容的单片机微控器，与Intel的MCS-51完全兼容，内藏2K的可程序化Flash存储体，内部有128B字节的数据存储器空间，可直接推动LED，与8051完全相同，有15个可程序化的I/O点，分别是P1端口与P3端口（少了P3.6）。
1.2接口电路
图2 单片机2051与温度传感器DS18B20的连接图
接口电路由ATMEL公司的2051单片机、ULN2003达林顿芯片、4511BCD译码器、串行EEPROM24C16（保存系统参数）、MAX232、数码管及外围电路构成, 单片机以并行通信方式从P1.0～P1.7口输出控制信号,通过4511BCD译码器译码，用2个共阴极LED静态显示温度的十位、个位。
串行EEPROM24C16是标准I2C规格且只要两根引脚就能读写。由于单片机2051的P1是一个双向的I/O端口，所以在我们在设计中将P1端口当成输出端口用。由图2可知，P1.7作为串性的时钟输出信号与24C16的第6脚相接，P1.6则作为串行数据输出接到24C16的第5脚。P1. 4和P1.5则作为两个数码管的位选信号控制，在P1.4=1时，选中第一个数码管（个位）；P1.5=1时，选中第二个数码管（十位）。P1.0～P1.3的输出信号接到译码器4511上作为数码管的显示。此外，由于单片机2051的P3端口有特殊的功能，P3.0（RXD）串行输入端口，P3.1（TXD）串行输出端口，P3.2（INTO）外部中断0，P3.3（INT1）外部中断1P3.4，（T0） 外部定时/计数输入点，P3.5（T1）外部定时/计数输入点。由图2可知，P3.0和P3.1作为与MAX232串行通信的接口；P3.2和P3.3作为中断信号接口；P3.4和P3.5作为外部定时/记数输入点。P3.7作为一个脉冲输出，控制发光二极管的亮灭。
由于在电路中采用的共阴极的LED数码管，所以在设计电路时加了一个达林顿电路ULN2003对信号进行放大，产生足够大的电流驱动数码管显示。由于4511只能进行BCD十进制译码，只能译到0至9，所以在这里我们利用4511译码输出我们所需要的温度。
1.3报警电路简介
图3 温度在七段数码管上显示连接图
本文中所设计的报警电路较为简单，由一个自我震荡型的蜂鸣器（只要在蜂鸣器两端加上超过3V的电压，蜂鸣器就会叫个不停）和一个发光二极管组成（如图3所示）。在这次设计中蜂鸣器是通过ULN2003电流放大IC来控制。在我们所要求的温度达到一定的上界或者下界时（在文中我们设置的上界温度是45℃，下界温度是5℃），报警电路开始工作，主要程序设计如下：
main()//主函数
{unsigned char i=0; <br/>unsigned int m,n; <br/>while(1) <br/>{i=ReadTemperature();//读温度}
if(i>0 && i<=10) //如果温度在0到10度之间直接给七段数码管赋值
{P1=designP1[i];}
else//如果温度大于10度
{m=i%10;//先给第一个七段数码管赋值 <br/>D1=1; <br/>D2=0; <br/>P1=designP1[m]; <br/>n=i/10;//再给第二个七段数码管赋值 <br/>D1=0; <br/>D2=1; <br/>P1=designP1[n]; <br/>if(n>=4&&m>=5)%%(m<=5)//判断温度的取值范围，如果大于45或小于5度，则蜂鸣器叫，发光二极管闪烁 <br/>{ int a,b; <br/>Q1=1;//蜂鸣器叫 <br/>for(a=0;a<1000;a++)//发光二极管闪烁 <br/>for(b=0;b<1000;b++) <br/>Q2=1; <br/>for(a=0;a<1000;a++) <br/>for(b=0;b<1000;b++) <br/>Q2=0;}}}
‘叁’ 需要一篇自动控制方面的英文文献
本毕业设计课题是属于教师拟定性课题，主要是研究基于单片机的对步进电机的有效控制。步进电机是一种能将数字输入脉冲转换成旋转举察或直线增量运动的电磁执行元件，每输入蠢虚一个脉冲电机转轴步进一个步距角增量。电机总的回转角与输入脉冲数成正比例，相应的转速取决于输入脉冲频率。
步进电机是机正档茄电一体化产品中关键部件之一，通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步进电机惯量低、定位精度高、无累积误差、控制简单等特点。广泛应用于机电一体化产品中，如：数控机床、包装机械、计算机外围设备、复印机、传真机等。
Abstract
This article mainly elaborated has been hanging the movement control system merit, introced was hanging the movement control system function, the principle and the design process. Is hanging the movement control system is one of in control engineering domain important applications, its main target is to is controlled the object the movement condition, including path, speed and position implementation check. The movement control system compares with other control systems, has the system model simply, the check algorithm is unitary, also not complex characteristic and so on non-linearity and coupling situation. Also is precisely because the movement control system can implement to the path, the running rate, the pointing accuracy as well as the repetition precision accuracy control requirement, has the broad application foreground in each category of control engineering, therefore the movement control system has at present become in the check study application domain very much significant the research direction. Through the monolithic integrated circuit to stepping monitor check, implemented the motor-driven to cause the object at on the board which inclined the movement, The control section is the SST89E52 monolithic microcomputer which SST Corporation proces primarily, with when the 1602LCD liquid crystal screen and according to turned has implemented with the user interactive, through the keyboard entry different control command, the liquid-crystal display was allowed to display the setting value and the run the coordinates. The electrical machinery control section used LM324N four to transport puts and is connected the electronic primary device voluntarily to develop the 42BYG205 stepping monitor actuation electric circuit to implement the electrical machinery accuracy control. The algorithm partially for will suit the monolithic integrated circuit system to operate carries on optimizes many times, will rece the microprocessor the operand. Has completed the object voluntarily the movement and according to the different setup path movement.
Key words Magneto; 1602LCD; LM324N; Drive circuit
选择步进电机时，首先要保证步进电机的输出功率大于负载所需的功率。而在选用功率步进电机时，首先要计算机械系统的负载转矩，电机的矩频特性能满足机械负载并有一定的余量保证其运行可靠。在实际工作过程中，各种频率下的负载力矩必须在矩频特性曲线的范围内。一般地说最大静力矩Mjmax大的电机，负载力矩大[1 ]。
选择步进电机时，应使步距角和机械系统匹配，这样可以得到机床所需的脉冲当量。在机械传动过程中为了使得有更小的脉冲当量，一是可以改变丝杆的导程，二是可以通过步进电机的细分驱动来完成。但细分只能改变其分辨率，不改变其精度。精度是由电机的固有特性所决定。
选择功率步进电机时，应当估算机械负载的负载惯量和机床要求的启动频率，使之与步进电机的惯性频率特性相匹配还有一定的余量，使之最高速连续工作频率能满足机床快速移动的需要。
基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统，具有硬件电路结构简单，精确度高，抗干扰性强等优点。
1.2 课题目的
培养综合运用四年大学所学知识去分析问题和解决实际问题的能力。在实践中检验所学知识,从而加强理论与实践的相结合。 体验一个科研项目开发的全过程，学会单片机开发应用方法,锻炼应用能力,动手能力。本课题设计是具有一定难度的基于单片机的应用系统开发项目，培养学生创新精神和创新能力。通过这次毕业论文及设计，检验的综合素质和专业教育的培养效果，并且使学会阅读、利用英文文献资料，阅读并翻译外文资料的能力，学会设计报告和论文。
1.3 课题意义
随着社会的发展、科技的进步以及人们生活水平的逐步提高，各种方便于生活的自动控制系统开始进入了人们的生活，以单片机为核心的自动门系统就是其中之一。同时也标志了自动控制领域成为了数字化时代的一员[ 3]。它实用性强，功能齐全，技术先进，使人们相信这是科技进步的成果。它更让人类懂得，数字时代的发展将改变人类的生活，将加快科学技术的发展。
通过对“微机控制自动门系统”的研究和设计，精心撰写了微机控制自动门系统论文。本论文着重阐述了以单片机为主体，LED点阵显示芯片及步进电机为核心的系统。
本设计主要应用SST89E58作为控制核心，LED点阵显示芯片、步进电机、压力传感器、电位器相结合的系统。充分发挥了单片机的性能。其优点硬件电路简单，软件功能完善，控制系统可靠，性价比较高等特点，具有一定的使用和参考价值。
1.4 应解决的主要问题
在基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统中，主要分三个部分设计，一个是输入和键盘显示模块；另一个是步进电机驱动模块；第三个是最小系统和输出模块设计。主要解决的问题是：
1. 单片机最小系统硬件设计；
2. 步进电机驱动模块设计；
3. 输出部分的软硬件设计；
4. 主程序设计；
5. 绘图板的设计。
1.5 技术要求
设计一电机控制系统，控制物体在倾斜（仰角≤100度）的板上运动。
在一白色底板上固定两个滑轮，两只电机（固定在板上）通过穿过滑轮的吊绳控制一物体在板上运动，运动范围为80cm×100cm。物体的形状不限，质量大于100克。物体上固定有浅色画笔，以便运动时能在板上画出运动轨迹。板上标有间距为1cm的浅色坐标线（不同于画笔颜色），左下角为直角坐标原点。
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‘肆’ 单片机英文文献及翻译，5000字左右 急需 谢谢 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first ‘revolutionary’ system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there ‘logic’ changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with ‘computers’ disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We’ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose ‘smart’ I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly
‘伍’ 关于单片机方面的英文文献，最还有翻译
基于单片机的电子表设计
摘要：近年来随着计算机在社会领域的渗透和大规模集成电路的发展，单片机的应用正在不断地走向深入，由于它具有功能强，体积小，功耗低，价格便宜，工作可靠，使用方便等特点，因此特别适合于与控制有关的系统，越来越广泛地应用于自动控制，智能化仪器，仪表，数据采集，军工产品以及家用电器等各个领域，单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用，在根据具体硬件结构，以及针对具体应用对象特点的软件结合，以作完善。
本次做的电子表是以单片机（AT89S51）为核心，结合相关的元器件（共阴极LED数码显示器、BCD-锁存/7段译码等），再配以相应的软件，达到实现时钟日历显示的功能，也具有日历计算、显示和时钟、日历的校准，以及多路开关定时输出等功能，其硬件部分难点在于元器件的选择、布局及焊接。
Based on the design of electronic SCM
Abstract: In recent years, with computer penetration in the social sphere and the development of large-scale integrated circuits, MCU applications are constantly deepening, as it has a function of strong, small size, low power consumption, cheap, reliable, Easy to use, and other characteristics, and therefore particularly suited to control the system, more widely used in automatic control, intelligent instruments, meters, data acquisition, military procts and household appliances, and other fields, the MCU is often as a core Parts to use, in accordance with specific hardware and application-specific characteristics of the object with software to make perfect.
This is done in electronic form SCM (AT89S51) as the core, the combination of related components (of cathode LED digital display, BCD-latch / 7 of the decoder, and so on), Coupled with the corresponding software, to achieve Clock calendar shows that the function of the calendar also calculated, display and the clock, the calendar of calibration, and multi-channel Kaiguandingshi output, and other functions, some of its hardware components is difficult choice, layout and welding.
‘陆’ 大哥你帮我也整一篇关于单片机的英文文献~3000字的 还要有中文翻译~谢谢了
1. About SCM
It can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed.
Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time instrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of procts, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the proct, often in the proct name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain procts, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the proct without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that ring operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.
单片机的简介
可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。
现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
单片机的基本组成是由中央处理器（即CPU中的运算器和控制器）、只读存贮器（通常表示为ROM）、读写存贮器（又称随机存贮器通常表示为RAM）、输入/输出口（又分为并行口和串行口，表示为I/O口）等等组成。实际上单片机里面还有一个时钟电路，使单片机在进行运算和控制时，都能有节奏地进行。另外，还有所谓的“中断系统”，这个系统有“传达室”的作用，当单片机控制对象的参数到达某个需要加以干预的状态时，就可经此“传达室”通报给CPU，使CPU根据外部事态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。